More MUSCLES of the body, including male and female differences

Here are views of the muscles in the front and back of the LEG, for MALES and FEMALES, the FOREARM, and the HEAD and NECK.





Muscles in the BACK of the FEMALE LEG

Muscles in the BACK of the MALE LEG

Muscles in the FRONT of the FEMALE LEG

Muscles in the FRONT and SIDE of the MALE LEG


















Muscles in the FOREARM















Muscles in the HEAD and NECK

The SKELETAL SYSTEM

The bones of the foot and ankle:

The bones of the HAND, posterior view, left hand

The bones of the SKULL, lateral view:

The bones of the SKULL, frontal view

The bones of the SKELETON, anterior and posterior view

Hypovolemic shock? Vasodilatory shock? TIA's? Information that could save your life.

Ever wondered what causes heart disease, heart attacks, shock or stroke?
Do you know the difference between hypovolemic shock and vasodilatory shock?
If not, read on...












See this link for all the details: http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ARNbGsVH1evCZGQ5MjluM2dfMTY2YzQzYmJoZDk&hl=en

Major Arteries and Veins from the American Medical Association (AMA)

This is an overview of the major blood vessels in the circulatory system...

These are the major arteries in the body

and these are the major veins...

Systemic blood circulation, Arteries and Veins

This is a simplified diagram of how blood flows through your body.
From your heart, blood goes to the lungs (to get oxygenated, and to eliminate the CO2), then goes to the
HEAD, ARMS, LEGS, LIVER, SMALL Intestine, KIDNEYS and LEGS.
(Of course, it goes to all parts of your body, but this is a simplification).

CLICK the DIAGRAMS to get a LARGER VIEW.

Note the names of the major veins and arteries involved.(e.g., Carotid arteries and Jugular veins for the head).

Here is a comparison of the differences between ARTERIES and VEINS.
Note that Arteries ALWAYS carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood, except in the case of the pulmonary artery.
Veins ALWAYS carry blood towards the heart. They usually have deoxygenated blood, except in the case of the pulmonary vein.

Detailed diagram of the cross-section of an artery and a vein.

Human Heart Anatomy

Here is the basic internal anatomy of the human heart.

It consists of 2 sides (Right and Left)...

4 chambers (Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle)

4 valves (Tricuspid valve, Mitral valve, Pulmonary valve, Aortic Valve)

4 major blood vessels (Superior/inferior vena cavae, Pulmonary Vein, Pulmonary Artery, Aorta)

(from WIKIPEDIA)

The following applet, on the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.gov website, has several movies showing the circulation of the blood, and various problems that can occur with it. YOUR JOB is to watch the following movie, WRITE DOWN the major parts of the heart, and DEFINE them. You do NOT have to diagram the heart (for this homework).

See the following link for the applet: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html

Balancing chemical equations

Here are the steps to balancing a chemical equation.
Here's a brief summary:
(1) Law of Conservation of Mass: For each element, the number of atoms on the left and the right of the equation are the same (e.g., 3H2 on the left and 2H on the right is NOT Ok).
(2) To balance the equation, you can ONLY change the coefficients, NOT the subscripts (e.g., changing CO2 to 3CO2 is OK. Changing CO2 to CO4 is not.)
(3) To calculate the number of atoms for each atom, you MULTIPLY the coefficient times the subscripts (e.g., 3 CO2 = 3 Carbons and 6 Oxygens)
(4) You MUST have only integer coefficients when you are finished (e.g., 6.5 O2 is not ok, 13 O2 is ok)
(5) You MUST have the lowest possible integer coefficients when you are finished 

For the textbook description, READ our textbook:
http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ARNbGsVH1evCZGQ5MjluM2dfMTQ5Y3NyZ2tjZGc&hl=en

For a movie showing each of these steps, see the following website:
http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-balance-chemical-equations-312931/

STEP 1:

STEP 2:

STEP 3: Balance the Hydrogens

STEP 4: Balance the Oxygens

FINAL STEP: Make sure all coefficients are integers!

For those of you who want to CHECK your answers, please see the following web site: www.webqc.org/balance.php
NOTE: There are many example equations that you can PASTE into this website and test how to balance them. For example:

• Fe + Cl2 = FeCl3
• KMnO4 + HCl = KCl + MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
• K4Fe(CN)6 + H2SO4 + H2O = K2SO4 + FeSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + CO
• C6H5COOH + O2 = CO2 + H2O
• K4Fe(CN)6 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 = KHSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4 + HNO3 + CO2 + H2O

Graphing the sin(theta) and cos(theta) using the Unit Circle

The Unit Circle is a circle with a radius of 1, and which is centered at the origin (0,0).
Its equation is: x² + y² = 1.
Its equation is also: x = cos(theta), y = sin(theta).
HOMEWORK part one: PROVE  to yourself that x² + y² = 1
for every point  in the following diagram. 

For example,

(1,0) ==> x = 1 and y = 0 ==>
          x^2 = 1 and y^2 = 0 ==> 1 + 0 = 1    check

(√3/2, 1/2) ==> x = √3/2 and y = 1/2 ==>
          x^2 = 3/4 and y^2 = 1/4 ==> 3/4 + 1/4 = 1   check

(√2/2, √2/2) ==> x = √2/2 and y = √2/2 ==>
          x^2 = 2/4 and y^2 = 2/4 ==> 2/4 + 2/4 = 1  check

and so on for all the points around the circle.

HOMEWORK part two: PLAY with the following applets
for the sin(theta) http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphSinX/graphSinX.html
and cos(theta) http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphCosX/graphCosX.html

and PROVE that sin(theta) = y and cos(theta) = x, for all the points
in the unit circle. Note, Don't forget to rotate the cos(theta) applet
after you have drawn it !

Ten minute TRIG from Victoria University (Australia)

Review the following formulas, write them out, and solve the problems on the following link:
http://www.staff.vu.edu.au/mcaonline/units/trig/ratios.html

Review the Pythagorean theorem again, and solve the problems on the following website: http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/pythagoras/pythagoreantheorem2.html

ENDOTHERMIC vs EXOTHERMIC chemical reactions

In endothermic reactions, the products have more energy than the reactants. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings (e.g., a cold pack).
In exothermic reactions, the products have less energy than the reactants. Heat is released to the surroundings (e.g., a heat pack).
Both reactions require some activation energy to begin the reaction.

Read the following section of Chemistry for Dummies, and write a summary of it: http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ARNbGsVH1evCZGQ5MjluM2dfNzRxam13cXJuZw&hl=en , and make a diagram of an exothermic and an endothermic reaction.

Here is an example of the potential energy diagram for the following, exothermic chemical reaction:

CO + NO2 --> CO2 + NO